Mobile and bound forms of trace metals in sediments of the lower ganges

Mobile and bound trace metals associated with sediment components (viz. exchangeable, carbonate, organic, Fe/Mn oxide and residual fractions) were determined at five locations on the River Ganges in the lower reaches. In the exchangeable phase, 5–22% of Pb, 5–14.4% of Cr, 3–16.4% of Cd, 3–16% of Zn and 1–13.5% of Cu were found, and in the carbonate phase 73–87% of Zn, 38–41% of Cd, 13–27% of Ni and 3–10.1% of Pb were found. The Fe/Mn oxide phase retained about 79–83% of Mn, 30–40% of Cr and Fe, 22–25% of Cu, 14–16% of Ni and 9–11% of Pb. In the organic phase about 36–47% of Cd, 22–28% of Cu and 10–15% of Pb were found. The order of release of metals was Cd > Cr > Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni > Mn > Fe, and the order of adsorption characteristics of most of the mobile metal fractions was Fe/Mn oxide > organic > clay. Correlations of the physico-chemical parameters with adsorption characteristics were also determined and a good correlation (r = 0.7) of cation exchange capacity with the clay fraction was found. I_geo (geoaccumulation indices) of metals in the sediments were also evaluated. Results showed a considerable enrichment of trace metals in the sediment phase at almost all the sites.     

电力电子系统中的功率脉冲时序组合与逻辑组合

从电力电子系统的底层脉冲组合理论出发,对功率脉冲时序组合与逻辑组合的概念、方法和实现进行总结提炼分析。针对功率脉冲纯时序组合的局限性,提出功率脉冲及功率脉冲序列的逻辑组合方法,并对其组合思路和应用场景进行分析归纳。由于基于不同脉冲逻辑组合思路的两种典型应用,即多电平技术和倍频策略,均可以有效提高系统变换性能,以电力电子功率放大器为分析对象,对二者的谐波特性和适用性进行对比分析,以此作为上述理论的一个分析应用实例。通过电力电子系统中脉冲组合方法论的研究,有助于从更为底层的角度对相关技术进行系统认识,从而延伸拓展出新的脉冲组合与实现方式,推动电力电子技术的发展。     

基于正则化与遗忘因子的极限学习机及其在故障预测中的应用

为了解决在线贯序极限学习机(OS-ELM)算法容易产生奇异矩阵、算法贯序更新过程中没有考虑训练样本时效性的问题,提出基于l2-正则化和自适应遗忘因子的OS-ELM(RFOS-ELM)算法。RFOS-ELM在初始阶段加入正则化机制,克服因矩阵奇异而降低OS-ELM泛化能力的缺点。在贯序更新阶段,RFOS-ELM通过引入自适应遗忘因子实时调整新旧训练样本所占比重,推导正则化条件下带遗忘因子RFOS-ELM的递推更新算法,提高其对动态变化系统的跟踪能力。某型无人机机载发射机故障预测实例表明,相比于传统OS-ELM和正则化OS-ELM算法,本文提出方法具有更高的预测精度。     

Atmospheric circulation patterns influencing variations in organic carbon fluxes in the River Oulujoki,Finland

Atmospheric circulation generally influences regional climate variability and thereby controls catchment hydrology and consequently transport of elements in natural riverine systems. This study examined dependencies between total organic carbon (TOC) variability in the River Oulujoki (Finland) during 1963–2011 and prominent atmospheric circulation patterns (ACPs), which manifest natural climatic conditions over Finland and control hydrological processes in the river catchment. North Atlantic Oscillation, Scandinavia, East Atlantic and East Atlantic/West Russia patterns were statistically significant ACPs affecting variations in TOC export at River Oulujoki lower basin area. In the River Oulujoki, TOC export was largely controlled by changes in TOC fluxes generated from tributaries of river and near areas to its main channel. Besides, runoff from Lake Oulujärvi slightly influenced TOC export variability in the River Oulujoki. Understanding such responses of TOC fluxes to ACPs is a useful tool for sustainable water resources planning and management on regional and local scales.     

基于顺序功能图的工控机VC编程研究

为了在工控机上实现类似于PLC顺序控制的功能,提出了基于顺序功能图的VC编程方法。以一个典型顺序功能图为例,通过单独开线程模拟PLC主扫描循环,从而可以不影响控制系统的其他界面操作;主扫描循环程序依次包含输入映射、步转换、步输出、输出映射等子程序;采用开线程结合Sleep函数实现了PLC定时器功能;给出了实现该顺序功能图的西门子S7-300 PLC主要梯形图程序作为对照,详细描述了其VC实现的步骤和主要代码。采用VC++6.0编程并在PC机上进行了运行调试,通过读取Windows的CPU时间戳的方法对主扫描循环时间进行了测试。研究结果表明,所提出的方法能较好地完成顺序控制功能,扫描时间短,可以满足工业控制要求,具有一定的应用价值。     

Global maximum power point tracking based on new extremum seeking control scheme

A new perturbed‐based extremum seeking control (PESC) scheme is proposed in this paper to track the global maximum power point (GMPP). The PESC scheme has two control loops based on power of the photovoltaic (PV) array: the first loop operates as usually to track the maximum power point and the second sweeps all local MPPs to locate the GMPP. Once the GMPP is located based on its uniqueness (after the PV pattern is quickly scanned many times, depending on the PV pattern's profile), the GMPP is accurately tracked based on first control loop. The used PV patterns have the profile of the PV power characteristics obtained for PV array under partially shaded conditions (PSCs). This PESC scheme is proposed to track the GMPP in the PV applications, but also in other multimodal problems from industry, being a good motif to revive the specialists' interest for the extremum seeking control field. The results obtained here are very promising for both search speed and tracking accuracy performances of the GMPP under different PSCs simulated on the PV array. Thus, the energy efficiency of PV array controlled with the proposed PESC scheme will increase with more than 1.2% in comparison with that obtained with the other MPP algorithms because of better performance shown by this PESC scheme. A 99.6% tracking accuracy is obtained here in comparison with a maximum 98.4% tracking accuracy reported in the literature. Furthermore, 100% hit and high search speed are obtained here for the GMPP localization. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units with Linear and Non-linear Models

Abstract—This article presents a non-linear programming-based model for the optimal placement of phasor measurement units. The optimal phasor measurement units placement is formulated to minimize the number of phasor measurement units required for full system observability and to maximize the measurement redundancy at all buses in a power system. A sequential quadratic programming algorithm is used for the solution of the proposed model. The existence of power flow and injection measurements, the limited phasor measurement units channel capacity, the lack of communication facilities in substations, and the single phasor measurement units loss are also incorporated into the initial proposed formulation. The non-linear programming model is applied to IEEE 14- and 118-bus test systems in MATLAB. The accuracy and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing the simulation results to those obtained by a binary integer programming model also implemented in MATLAB. The comparative study shows that the proposed non-linear programming model yields the same number of phasor measurement units as the binary integer programming model. A remarkable advantage of the non-linear programming against binary integer linear programming is its capability to give more than one optimal solution, each one having the same minimum number of phasor measurement units (same minimum objective value), but at different locations.     

高标准柴油加氢技术进展

为了生产高标准柴油,我国炼油企业加快了柴油产品质量升级的步伐。归纳了直馏柴油、焦化柴油和催化柴油中硫化物类型分布规律,介绍了噻吩类硫化合物的脱硫机理,回顾了国内外柴油加氢催化剂研究进展,对高标准柴油生产提出了建议。     

入侵检测中基于SVM的两级特征选择方法

针对入侵检测中的特征优化选择问题,提出基于支持向量机的两级特征选择方法。该方法将基于检测率与误报率比值的特征评测值作为特征筛选的评价指标,先采用过滤模式中的Fisher分和信息增益分别过滤噪声和无关特征,降低特征维数;再基于筛选出来的交叉特征子集,采用封装模式中的序列后向搜索算法,结合支持向量机选取最优特征子集。仿真测试结果表明,采用该方法筛选出来的特征子集具有更好的分类性能,并有效降低了系统的建模时间和测试时间。     

最大稀疏稳健恒定束宽波束形成器设计

为了降低宽带阵列恒定束宽的实现复杂性,在分析宽带阵列稀疏性的基础上,构造了以阵元和抽头延迟线(TDL, tapped delay line)稀疏性的凸组合为目标函数,满足恒定束宽约束的波束形成器优化模型,降低了所需的阵元和TDL个数。引入重加权机制,通过序列凸优化,使稀疏性递增并收敛到最大值,证明了保证波束形成器稳健性的范数约束与最大TDL稀疏目标函数之间的等价性。仿真结果表明,可用较少的阵元及TDL个数获得相同的恒定束宽性能,具有工程实用价值。